-- King David designated Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and the Jewish people 3,000 years ago and his son, King Solomon built the first temple there. The temple was the center of Jewish religious and national life. King Solomon and his descendents ruled for over 400 years until the Babylonians conquered the city and exiled its Jewish inhabitants.

-- Approximately 70 years later the Babylonians were defeated by the Persians who allowed the Jews to return and rebuilt the city and its temple. Over the next 500 years, many nations conquered the City of Jerusalem and tried to assimilate the Jews into their culture. The Jews successfully fought back until the year 70 in the common era, when the Romans destroyed the city and its temple and banished most of the Jews from Jerusalem.

-- For five centuries following the second temple destruction, Jerusalem was under Roman and Byzantine rule. During that time Jews were banned from entering the old city, while the Romans constructed Christian sites in Jerusalem.

-- The Jews were allowed access to the city when the Arabs took control in the 5th century and resumed their worship at the Kotel -- the Wailing Wal -- the last remnant of the Holy Second Temple destroyed by the Romans. In the late 7th century the Dome of the Rock – the conspicuous Arab mosque these days recognized by its golden dome - was constructed on the temple mount.

-- In the 1099 Jerusalem was once again conquered, this time by the crusaders. The crusaders massacred the Jewish and Arab population of Jerusalem and established the Kingdom of Jerusalem a collection of towns under the Christian king’s rule.

-- By 1187 Jerusalem was taken away from the Crusaders by Saladin, who allowed Jews and Arabs to return and inhabit the city. Though the period that Saladin ruled was a time of building and growth, with construction of many houses, markets and public bathes, the city did not gain in stature and was considered no more than a village, due to in fighting.

-- From 1250 – 1517 Jerusalem changed hands a number of times and was besieged by many earthquakes and the black plague.

-- From 1517 – 1917 Jerusalem and its surrounding area was controlled by the Ottoman Turks. Under Suleiman the Magnificent rule, Jerusalem enjoyed prosperity, peace and a rebuilding of the walls around the old city and their impressive Gates. It was also during that time that modernization entered the city, with the Turks’ introduction of the wheel as a mode of transportation, as well the oil lantern. The first paved road was constructed from Jaffa to Jerusalem in the mid-19th century and the railroad reached Jerusalem towards the end of that century.

-- Jerusalem was annexed in 1831 by Muhammad Ali of Egypt and foreign consulates began to be established in the city. Ibraim Pasha, Muhammad Ali’s son succeeded his father in 1836 and allowed the Jewish residents of Jerusalem to rebuild and restore four major synagogues including the famous Hurva synagogue. 

-- Though the Ottoman’s reestablished their rule in 1840, many Egyptian Muslims chose to remain in the city, while a growing number of Jewish immigrants from Algiers and North Africa settled in Jerusalem.

-- In the 1860s poor conditions within the old city such as extreme overcrowding and appalling sanitary conditions, prompted establishment of new neighborhoods outside the old city walls. These included the Russian Compound and Mishkenot Shaananim.

-- The British Army under the leadership of General Edmund Allenby conquered Jerusalem and in 1922 the League of Nations assigned the United Kingdom the Mandate over Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq.

-- Between 1922- 1948 there were clashes between Arab and Jews in all of Palestine. However, the British during this time built new garden suburbs in the northern and western part of Jerusalem. It was also during this period that universities were founded including the famous Hebrew University.

-- 1948 - End of the British Mandate, as voted upon in the U.N. on November 29th, 1947

-- 5th day of Iyar - 1948, Israel declares its independence.

-- 1948 Expulsion of Jews from the Old City of Jerusalem:
Originally upon the expiration of the British Mandate, the UN had proposed a ten year plan in which Jerusalem would be ruled by an international regime. However, that plan never came to fruition, as the war between Arabs and Jews erupted after the British withdrew and Jewish nation of Israel declared its independence. As a result of the war, Jews were expelled from the Jewish Quarter of the Old city by the Arab legion.

-- Jerusalem, Divided:
After the war, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan with most of East Jerusalem under Jordanian rule. Upon the creation of the State of Israel, Jerusalem was proclaimed as its official capital city. Jordan officially annexed East Jerusalem in 1950 thus subjugating its inhabitants to Jordanian law.

-- June 1967 - Jerusalem United Once again:
Though part of the agreement between Jordan and Israel on the division on Jerusalem included Jewish access to the holy sites in East Jerusalem, Jordan did not honor that provision. It was only after the 1967 Six Day War, when the Jewish army recaptured east Jerusalem that Jewish and Christian access to the holy sites was reinstated.

Mazor Guide to the City of Jerusalem, Israel's eternal capital

• A Time Line: Jerusalem, the Eternal Capital of Israel
• The Reunification of Israel's Eternal Capital
• The Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem
• Yom Yerushalayim - How is this holiday celebrated?